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Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʔ | ||||
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||
Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | ||||||||
Tap or Flap | ⱱ | ɾ | ɽ | ||||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ |
Lateral fricative | ɬ ɮ | ||||||||||
Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
If a consonant appears on its own, it is voiced, except for ʔ
Clicks | Voiced implosives | Ejectives | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ʘ | Bilabial | ɓ | Bilabial | ʼ | Examples: |
ǀ | Dental | ɗ | Dental/alveolar | pʼ | Bilabal |
ǃ | (Post)alveolar | ʄ | Palatal | tʼ | Dental/alveolar |
ǂ | Palatoalveolar | ɠ | Velar | kʼ | Velar |
ǁ | Alveolar lateral | ʛ | Uvular | sʼ | Alveolar fricative |
Front | Near-front | central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | ɨ ʉ | ɯ u | ||
Near-close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |||
close-mid | e ø | ɘ ɵ | ɤ o | ||
Mid | ə | ||||
Open-mid | ɛ œ | ɜ ɞ | ʌ ɔ | ||
near-open | æ | ɐ | |||
Open | a ɶ | ɑ ɒ |
For vowels that appear on its own: /ʊ/ is rounded, /ə/ and /æ/ are both unrounded, and /ɐ/ can be rounded or unrounded.
ʍ | Voiceless labial-velar fricative | ɕ | ʑ | Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
---|---|---|---|---|
w | Voiced labial-velar approximant | ɺ | Alveolar lateral flap | |
ɥ | Voiced labial-palatal approximant | ɧ | Simultaneous ʃ and x | |
ʜ | Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
k͡p t͜s ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
||
ʢ | Voiced epiglottal fricative | |||
ʡ | Epiglottal plosive |
ˈ | Primary stress | |
---|---|---|
ˌ | Secondary stress | |
ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən | ||
ː | Long | eː |
ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
◌̆ | Extra short | ĕ |
| | Minor (foot) group | |
‖ | Major (intonation) group | |
. | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊
◌̥ | Voiceless | n̥ | d̥ | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced | b̤ | a̤ | ◌̪ | Dental | t̪ | d̪ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
◌̬ | Voiced | s̬ | t̬ | ◌̰ | Creaky voiced | b̰ | a̰ | ◌̺ | Apical | t̺ | d̺ |
ʰ | Aspirated | tʰ | dʰ | ◌̼ | Linguolabial | t̼ | d̼ | ◌̻ | Laminal | t̻ | d̻ |
◌̹ | More rounded | ɔ̹ | ʷ | Labalized | tʷ | dʷ | ◌̃ | Nasalized | ẽ | ||
◌̜ | Less rounded | ɔ̜ | ʲ | Palatalized | tʲ | dʲ | ⁿ | Nasal release | dⁿ | ||
◌̟ | Advanced | u̟ | ˠ | Velarized | tˠ | dˠ | ˡ | Lateral release | dˡ | ||
◌̠ | Retracted | e̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized | tˤ | dˤ | ◌̚ | No audible release | d̚ | ||
◌̈ | Centralized | ë | ◌̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | ɫ | ||||||
◌̽ | Mid-centralized | e̽ | ◌̝ | Raised | e̝ | (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) | |||||
◌̩ | Syllabic | n̩ | ◌̞ | Lowered | e̞ | (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) | |||||
◌̯ | Non-syllabic | e̯ | ◌̘ | Advanced Tongue Root | e̘ | ||||||
˞ | Rhoticity | ɚ | a˞ | ◌̙ | Retracted Tongue Root | e̙ |
Level | Contour | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
e̋ | or | ˥ | Extra high | ě | or | ˩˥ | Rising |
é | ˦ | High | ê | ˥˩ | Falling | ||
ē | ˧ | Mid | e᷄ | ˦˥ | High rising | ||
è | ˨ | Low | e᷅ | ˩˨ | Low rising | ||
ȅ | ˩ | Extra low | e᷈ | ˧˦˧ | Rising-falling | ||
↓ | Downstep | ↗ | Global rise | ||||
↑ | Upstep | ↘ | Global fall |